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The Power Wall

Melting Chips Only Run Downhill

Energy efficiency gains have been slowing down.

 

Heat generation grows with the number of transistors. 

Packing more and more transistors on a chip keeps making this worse.

The power wall places hard limits on future GPU speedups.

Power has to be supplied

Power has to be dissipated.

No Time For RC Delays

No Time For RC Delays

Optics Scale Better
Scaling performance: Comparison of Neurophos optical compute vs GPU, TPU, and analog in-memory

If you make a 700-watt GPU 100x faster, but do nothing about its energy efficiency, you'd be creating a chip that melts immediately after turning on. 

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Andrew - optical bench _edited.png
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